Leadership Communication Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leadership Communication - Research Paper Example The reason that a plan to change the image of the company is important is because bad press leads to a decline in sales for an organization. The firm has to implement a variety of strategies to improve the corporate image of the company. The first strategy I would implement is to develop a corporate news bulletin to be released to the general public. The booklet should explain the operations of the company. It should mentioned all the safety measures the company takes to prevent accidents and it should provide a history of the company to prove to the general public that the explosion at the plant was an isolated incident. The firm must include an article explaining the reason that the explosion occurred to demonstrate to the public that the explosion was an industrial accident that could not have been prevented. In the news bulletin the firm should make public the new safety plan that the company is going to use to prevent accidents in the future. There should also be testimonials in the news bulletin from the employees expressing how happy the employees are working for the company. The company should also implement a strategy to move attention away from the explosion incident to demonstrate that XYZ Corporation is a socially responsible corporation. ... One of those causes should be the battle against hunger. The company will donate $250,000 to help support hunger in the continent of Africa. Over 41% of the people in the Sub-Sahara African region lives on less than $1 a day and 32% are undernourished (Thp). A good non-profit organization to donate the money to is Feed The Children. The company will donate an additional $250,000 to support the victims of HIV/Aids and cancer patients. The firm is not going to limit itself to monetary donations. The company is going to also donate the time of its employees to provide valuable labor to non-profit organizations throughout America. The firm will donate an amount of 1000 labor hours of its employees over a period of one year. The philanthropic initiatives the company is going to implement are a great way to change the corporate image of the firm, but these initiatives are only effective if the general public knows that they are occurring. The firm will launch an advertising campaign to sho wcase the socially responsible initiatives the company is undertaking. The company will spend $500,000 in advertisements using a variety of marketing channels including the written press, television, radio, internet, and cellular advertising. The public relations campaign is going to help build up the reputation of the company and it will stir attention away from the explosion incident that occurred at the organization. In today’s competitive business environment companies cannot afford to get their reputation tarnished. Companies with bad reputations are firms that customers do not realize business with. XYZ Corporation has to act quickly to minimize the damage to its image that the explosion caused. The plan that the firm will implement is going to help revive the

The Nature of Evil Essay Example for Free

The Nature of Evil Essay 1: That which is morally bad or wrong, or that which causes harm, pain, or misery. 2: A force that is believed to cause wicked or bad things to happen. 3 A very unpleasant or harmful situation or activity. The existence of evil has been puzzling philosophers and leaders of all major religions for hundreds of years. The problem of evil is particularly challenging because Christianity was committed to the existence of a God that controls everything but at the same time acknowledged the real existence of evil. Some religions have tried to deal with the problem of evil by saying that it doesnt exist. In Hindu teaching evil is said to have no real existence instead being dismissed as phenomena. William Golding wrote The Lord of the Flies just after the Second World War, having witnessed the evil of this war he lost the belief that humans have an innocent nature; even children he learned are essentially evil. The Lord of the Flies challenges readers to attempt to develop their own views about the existence of evil in the human race. I found this quite challenging and after much deliberation it is my opinion that evil is within every human being because we all have the potential to be evil and that it is only laws and the threat of punishment that keeps people from behaving in an evil manner. This I why Roger in The Lord of the Flies acts the way he does. My theory that evil is within every human is also expressed in The Lord of the Flies through symbolism. I think that The Beast symbolises the evil that resides within man. I think that the children on the island were all aware that there is a beast on the island, but they thought that it was an actual living thing and didnt realise that it lies within them and that it is in their soul and mind leading them to chaos because of a society with no adults. Only Simon understands what the beast really is, but he is killed when he tries to tell the boys about the beast. Many people believe that Simon from The Lord of the Flies was mad and it is very hard to determine the difference between madness and evil. I dont think that Simon is mad at all; in fact he seems to me the most sane and logical of all the boys on the island. He is the one who tries to show the boys that there is no beast on the island and that the beast is actually the boys themselves. The theme of madness is explored in William Poes novel The Tell Tale Heart. The Tell Tale Heart is a story of domestic violence and it is hard to understand why it ends in the killing of a man. I think that it may have been caused by the narrators fear of the old mans eye; the narrator describes this eye as being pale blue with a film over it, and resembling that of a vulture. Because it is a short story we do not know why the narrator is so scared of the eye, but it is my belief that he is not actually fearful of the eye, and that he has pretended that he is frightened of it to justify the killing. I think this because the syntax suggests that the narrator has only just thought of the eye as a justification for the killing of the old man. for it was not the old man who vexed me, but his evil eye I think that the killing of the old man was evil but the narrator himself is not evil. I dont think that the narrator is evil because although to me and many people it is implausible that a man would kill another man just because of the way his eye looks but to other people this may seem quite plausible. What may drive one person to kill is very different to what will drive another person to kill. I think that Roger from The Lord of the Flies is a sadist who enjoys in hurting and causing pain. This is obvious from very early on in the novel where he knocks over the littluns sand castles and throws stones at them. Even before this I was quite weary of Roger after Goldings description of him. a slight, furtive boy whom no one knew, who kept to himself with an inner intensity of avoidance and secrecy the shock of black hair, down his nape and low on his forehead, seemed to suit his gloomy face and made what had seemed at first an unsociable remoteness into something forbidding. In the end it is Roger who pushes the boulder that kills Piggy. He joins Jacks anarchist group and becomes Jacks right-hand man. In The Lord of the Flies I believe that Jack is the leader of anarchy on the island. From the start of the novel he does not like abiding by rules of any kind. He simply wants to hunt and have a good time. Not seeming to care about being rescued, Jack and his tribe are examples of how without order and discipline we would all turn into savages. However Jacks form of anarchism is at odds with how anarchism is defined in the dictionary where it is said to be the political theory that is opposed to all forms of government. Anarchists believe that the highest attainment of humanity is the freedom of individuals to express themselves, unhindered by any form of repression or control from without. They hold that the perfection of humanity will not be attained until all government is abolished and each individual is left absolutely free. Jack is an anarchist in the sense that he tries to abolish Ralphs form of government, but he then tries to control how other people think and behave by setting up his own tribe. In many ways Jacks tribe is a lot like Adolf Hitlers fascist government in Germany. The way Jack persuaded the boys on the island to join him are very similar to the way that Hitler got people to join the Nazi Party. Like Hitler, Jack was an alternative to democratic policy (Ralphs government) and promised the boys a fun time. Also one of the main appeals of the Nazi Party was their organised appearance with their marches and uniforms. I think that this was also one of Jacks appeals, for example, when Jack and his tribe applied war paint the other boys were in awe of them and wanted to join them. By making these comparisons I think that William Golding was showing how extreme political views such as fascism may work in the short term and may be fun but that it is democracy that achieves the greatest results. In the beginning of the novel Jack, still conditioned by the previous society he had been a part of; could not bear to kill a pig. As the plot progresses he becomes less and less attached to what goes on in the civilised world and he subsequently becomes more extreme. Near the end, he feels no shame about the deaths of Simon and Piggy, or his attempt to kill Ralph and he gets his wish as his anarchy defeats Ralphs order. I think that the novel shows the reader how easy it is to revert back to the evil nature that is within every man when not living in a civilised environment with rules and discipline.

Cathedral Analysis Paper: Milan Cathedral -- Architecture Churches

All over the world, people still come to admire the beauty of European cathedrals. Many of the cathedrals are fragile due to age, neglect, pollution, and insufficient funds available to restore these historical and magnificent buildings. Nevertheless, visitors to these architectural masterpieces are fascinated by the design and structure of these churches. The cathedral builders using their own ingenuity, expertise, and limited resources were able to defy the laws of gravity and time. (Icher 30) There were two main types of architecture during the middle ages, the Romanesque style and the Gothic style. The Romanesque period took place approximately between 1096 and 1270 (the eleventh and twelfth centuries) and the Gothic period took place approximately between 1150 and 1450 (the thirteenth through the fifteenth centuries) (Bersson 383). Evidence of both styles of architecture emerged throughout Europe. The political landscape had changed and the Christian church provided a measure of unity throughout the centuries of this medieval era (Stalley 13). The Romanesque period was a time when the interest in religion intensified. The church was a place that all people could belong to regardless of their status. It was during these times that big churches called cathedrals began to emerge. The age of the Crusades took place emphasizing the need for places of worship and a place for the community to gather together. People sought the churches not only to see the relics housed in the church brought back from the Holy Lands by the Crusades, but also to seek redemption as well. This influx of seekers brought in money to help the community pay for the churches. This allowed for the emergence of new towns in addition to increased exchange ... ...brams, 1998. Print. "Italian Gothic." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Web. 22 Nov. 2010. . Keyes, Zachariah. Personal Interview. Denise Keyes. 21 Nov. 2010. "Middle Ages." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. Web. 26 Nov. 2010. . Stalley, Roger. Early Medieval Architecture. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. Print. Tyler, Ellen. "Milan Cathedral - Symbolizing the Gothic Structure." 14 May 2010. Ezine Articles. Web. 22 Nov. 2010. . Wilson, Christopher. The Gothic Cathedral: The Architecture of the Great Church. New York: Thames & Hudson, 1990. Print.

Diet Aids and FDA Approval

The diet industry is huge, a multimillion dollar industry. The introduction to products that help individuals lose weight will always be popular and interest never wanes because of the frequency in which new products arise from the market. Now comes the big question, just how important is it for diet aids to have Food & Drug Agency (FDA) claims? Most health supplements, vitamin supplements, and diet aids do not have FDA approved on them. But does this really matter? In some cases, yes and in others no. The FDA is an organization that is part of the US department of Health and Human Services.The center for drug evaluation and research (CDER) makes sure that all prescription and over the counter drugs are safe for consumers, including diet supplements. Most diet aides are released without being regulated from the FDA but every now and then one is, the most recent being ephedra, and its ban. It is important to remember two things when reading claims whether they are for health benefits or for dangerous side effects. The first is that if there is a warning on the label it is unknown whether 50% of all those that used the product or if on 0.1% had side effects. Companies must put the side effect warning on the label if only one person in the study had side effects. This is mainly for insurance, if you take the diet aid and experiences side effects out of thousands of individuals that don’t then you can’t sue the company; the warning was on the label. Secondly just because there are health benefit claims on the label doesn’t actually mean that they will happen to the individual taking the product. It simple means that it may happen not that it definitely will.However having FDA approval is always a good thing. Unlike a company the FDA will conduct research or contract researchers to conduct a thorough and correctly structured clinical study. Any results will show good conclusions that can be trusted. The FDA is looking out for the consumer, not t he companies whose bottom line is to make as much product as possible. Here is an outline of the regulation of diet aids with ephedra. Ephedra was a popular weight loss product, particularly when paired with caffeine and aspirin.However the use of ephedra was linked to heart problems and over 155 deaths. Like many diet aids it increases your metabolism by increasing your heart rate, which causes many problems. The FDA could not actually ban ephedra but it sent out a ruling that the FDA does not support and products containing ephedra as it had unreasonable risks of illness or death associated with it. The FDA collected information about ephedra from independent experts and studies on both the benefits and dangers of ephedra.However it should be noted that Chinese herbal medicines and teas that contain ephedra are not regulated under this ruling. (Nelson, 135). Now it is very likely that a vast majority of individuals using ephedra did not experience any side effects or heart problem s at all. However there was enough of the population that did, and most importantly quite a few deaths were found to be directly linked to ephedra in diet supplements that the FDA felt there was a significant cause for concern.Due to it’s ruling many states in the US banned the selling of ephedra products causing many companies to reformulate their diet products. Also if you look at the history of the FDA and its rulings you will find a very tangled web. The FDA during the 1940s and 50s in diet aids approved amphetamines and amphetamine like products. Since then the FDA has been trying to define the parameters in which these products can be safely taken (Colman, 380-385). The FDA has been found to change its mind over time, particularly as science is improving and research tools are becoming available.Now I should let you know that a product containing ephedra is still all-natural because ephedra comes from the Ma Huang plants. Incidentally most health supplements and diet ai ds all come from plants, so they are â€Å"all natural†. Just because it is labeled all natural doesn’t mean it isn’t dangerous. Almost anything at the wrong level will kill you. It is simply the products that are dangerous at small amounts that cause the most concern. Eating carrots can cause blindness and eventually death, but you have to eat a lot of carrots for a long time.Many of the substances found in diet aids are at concentration higher than they would be found in nature and this is what can make them harmful. Now comes the consumer, just who should they believe. You are standing in a store reading a label that lists some pretty fantastic benefits, but it is not FDA approved (Allen). Many products are being marketed as helping you lose weight, improve your life span or have anti-aging properties. Without the correct clinical trials, which can take years, it is unknown if the benefits outweigh the risks.As previously stated Ephedra was first approved and then found to be dangerous as was another product called Fen-phen. (Keim). There are many health claims available to help your memory, expand your age, make your heart healthier etc. You can achieve this by taking ginkgo boloba, cinnamon extract, grapefruit extract, acai juice, resveratrol etc. There are other diet aids that act as appetite suppressants or are thermogentic (raise your metabolism), fat blockers, and meal replacement.The real danger is not using the diet aids in a correct manner as there are significant risks of developing eating disorders when using dieting aid (Celio, 492-497). This takes away from the benefits you will have by losing weight because you will be lighter but you won’t be healthy. It is amusing to actually read the directions on diet aids. The majority of the time the directions give dosage information and then state that it is only effective eating a healthy diet and exercise. Now most medicinal practitioners and athletes can get an individual to lose weight by eating sensible and exercising.The diet aid may actually work not because of the diet aid but because you are eating a healthy diet and exercising. There is a large psychological part to dieting that many people do not understand. On a personal note I would feel much more secure and confident using a diet aid that was approved by the FDA but that does not mean that I would rule out using other products. I would first research and collect some information about products. I would stear clear of any product that says has side effects relating to heart problems or internal organ failure.If the side effects are not minor and research shows that cultures have been using it successfully for years then I probably would try it. It is important to pay attention to detail such as concentration in the diet aid as well as follow the directions and pay attention to what is going on in your body. If I had any concerns I would see about speaking to a nutritionist or doctor about any risks. It is fine to use diet aids but don’t just pick one on a whim. You do need to be careful and determine what the risks are and if you think the benefits are greater than the risks.

Anne Frank Reaction paper Essay

Anne Frank is the diary of a little girl following the events surrounding a thirteen year old girl who grows up Jewish and lives in Amsterdam during the Holocaust. As the events of World War II began Anne was a typical girl who attended school and was aware of the war and world around her, but at the time, wasn’t very fearful for her safety. Unfortunately, reality struck Anne as the news of World War II progressed, accompanied by the call for her old sister to be taken away to a concentration camp. Suddenly, the world as Anne perceived it would change dramatically. Soon, they were living in an annex, an addition to a building, hiding from the SS officers of the Nazis. The diary of Anne Frank gives an insight to the Jewish perspective of the Holocaust and the prejudice and discrimination not only that the Jews underwent but of others in the society as well. As I read the diary of Anne Frank I began to learn what so many of the Jewish people had experienced during World War II. Anne started writing in her diary when she first received it for her birthday. Her diary recalls many of the feeling and events that Jews felt during World War II. I learned that Nazi’s discriminated against Jews in a multitude of ways. First, they were forced to wear yellow stars to signify if they were Jewish or not. Also, All Jews were forced to hand over all bikes and were not allowed to ride the streetcars anymore. In addition to those restrictions, Jewish people were only allowed to attend certain schools and restaurants. Like many Jewish people, Anne seemed calm and unafraid of the World and the war. She looked at hiding from the Nazi’s as an adventure. This would be short-lived as she soon realized that being trapped inside a room with other families can be frustrating for a young girl. She envied others outside that still were allowed to pla y freely. She soon realized that her life was at risk every day. While hiding in a secret annex for a little more than two years, Anne wrote a lot about her feelings and events of her time in solitude with her family  and others. Frustrations run high when emotions run high and there is no privacy to escape to. â€Å"I see the eight of us in the Annex as if we were a patch of blue sky surrounded by menacing black clouds. . . . [They loom] before us like an impenetrable wall, trying to crush us, but not yet able to. I can only cry out and implore, ‘Oh ring, ring, open wide and let us out!’† (Frank, 1995, pg. 108). This passage was the most meaningful to me, I learned about the fear that All Jews in hiding must have faced. I learned that every day for two years Anne and her family lived in fear, afraid that they would not be free, afraid that they will not see each other again, and afraid that they will not survive. Every time a bomb raid siren or something as little as a knock on the door went off, complete fear would set in. The longer the war went on the more afraid they became that they would be caught and killed. Having to live life that way for so long must have taken a tremendous toll on a person. The events that Anne frank describes in her diary are very important. The passages in her diary portray discrimination in its purest form. The diary shows the prejudice and discrimination that millions of Jews underwent. It shows to the rest of the world how people can act. It is eye opening to how people treat others in today’s society, but most importantly it gives us insight to ourselves and how we have been treating others. It shows how one person’s beliefs can be passed on to an entire society and can cause so much hate to a particular group. â€Å"I keep trying to find a way to become what I’d like to be and what I could be if . . . if only there were no other people in the world† (Frank, 1995, pg. 247). Anne’s last sentence is very meaningful and moving. It says that there will always be good and bad people in the world, and that the only way that there will be no bad people is if she was the only one left. It also says that no one can really ever be who they want to be because of the unscrupulous people in the world. Until we can rid people of prejudice and discrimination we will never be able to achieve the things we want to.

Generational buying motivations for fashion by Laura Portolese Dias

Generational buying motivations for fashion by Laura Portolese Dias Summary of the article As it was stated in the introduction part of the article under analysis, a study was conducted to test one hypothesis whether buying motivations of representatives of generation X and generation Y are identical when they reach a particular age.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on ‘Generational buying motivations for fashion’ by Laura Portolese Dias specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Providing clear definitions of the two generations, the article discusses the differences in lifestyles and perceptions of jobs and consumer goods in representatives of both generations and marketers’ strategies applied to these age groups. The study combined three research methods, including those of a survey mailed to high school teachers and college tutors, several day observations conducted by one person at the local mall and interviews with experienced marketers. The results retrieved from the sur vey and discussed in this article focused mainly on the demographic characteristics of the participants with only a few sentences devoted to the clothing brands preferred by representatives of different generations. The discussion of the results of observation and interviews was fragmented and included only a few remarks of particular individuals without detailed summary and critical analysis of the collected data. The article discussed the research limitations which mainly focused on the specifics of the research design. The two tables included into the article contained the summarized information on the survey results. The discussion of the research results focused mainly on attitudes of representatives of generation X and generation Y to different criteria in making a choice of certain clothing items and a place for shopping. The conclusions drawn by the author from these results were rather unexpected because they touched upon the dominant personal characteristics of generations and even their attitudes to purchasing the real estate. The following discussion of the advertizing strategies used for each generation were not linked to the research results and based mainly upon the author’s personal opinion.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Even though the author concluded that the hypothesis included into the introduction regarding the identical needs and motivations in representatives of different generations is valid, the rest of the discussion does not support this claim. Positioning of the paper within the academic area As it is stated in the title of this article, it was intended to be a practitioner paper and to have certain practical implications. Regarding the positioning of this paper within the academic area, it can be stated that it may be relevant for marketers developing advertizing strategies for clothing companies and c lothing malls. However, analyzing the choice of the hypothesis for this study as well as the discussion of the research findings, it can be stated that the research findings of this paper cannot be readily used by marketers in their professional practice. This article can be of little value for the marketers because of its limitations and lack of evidence for drawing the conclusions which were made by the author. Dias did not discuss the main motivations for conducting this study which could include the lack of research of certain problems or certain limitations of similar studies which were conducted previously. The disparity between the research goals, methods, results and conclusions significantly reduces the value of this paper. Its findings could be of potential value for the marketers if the author had aligned the discussion of the research results with the main hypothesis and research objectives. Critique of the paper: the six strengths of the article Analyzing the research d esign, methods and manner of representation of the achieved results, it can be stated that the article under analysis has a number of strengths and weaknesses. The first strength of this article is the use of the statistics data and precise definitions of the age groups of generation X and generation Y. This characteristic enables the potential readers of this article to obtain a clear understanding of the research question and the main characteristics of the participants. The second strength of this paper is the use of in-text citations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on ‘Generational buying motivations for fashion’ by Laura Portolese Dias specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The parenthetical citations show the amount of preliminary research conducted by the scholar and support the claims made by the author with assumptions of other researchers working in the same domain. The third strength of this article is a detailed description of the research methods, sampling and research participants involved into the study. This description enables the target audience of this article to evaluate the relevance of the chosen research methods and validity of the received results and conclusions. The fourth strength of this paper is the combination of three research methods. The combination of different approaches might be helpful for comparing the achieved results to ensure their validity and compensating for particular limitations attributed to each of them. This complex design could have improved the reliability of the study. The fifth strength of the article is the discussion of limitations of each of the three research methods. According to Bryman and Bell (2007, p. 105), the awareness of limitations of the topic area and research methods can lead the researchers and readers towards better understanding of the research problem. Therefore, the discussion of limitations included into this artic le demonstrates the author’s broad understanding of the research problem and the potential value of her findings. The sixth strength of the paper under analysis is a substantial discussion section which was intended to interpret the research findings. The discussion section is valuable for explaining the main conclusions made in the study and pointing out at the major premises making the author to draw such conclusions. Therefore, the organization of the paper under analysis as well as the research in general has a number of strengths which increase the significance of this paper. The six weaknesses of the article and suggestions for improvement Apart from the limitations of the study design discussed by the author, this paper has a number of weaknesses which offer a potential for improvement in case if a similar study is conducted in the future.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The first weakness of this study is the disparity between the reference list and the in-text citations. For instance, in the introduction part Dias (2003, p. 78) mentions a book Generation X by Coupland and even provides particular examples from this book but does not include in-text citations and does not include this source into the reference list. The same goes for the statistics data retrieved from the US Census Bureau which is not properly cited either. Additionally, in particular episodes the author makes claims without supporting them with citations of certain reliable sources that is inadmissible for a scholarly article. As to the reference list, it contains only four sources which are not enough for conducting a profound research. Even though these sources are relevant and significant, they are insufficient for a scholarly research. The recommendation for improvement is to include a more detailed literature review, add up to twenty sources to the reference list and use in-t ext citations when making certain claims for which support of legitimate sources is necessary. The second weakness of this paper is the disparity between the research goals and methods. The three research methods are aimed at collecting the data which is irrelevant for supporting the main claim made in the introduction part of the article. According to Adams, Raeside, and Khan (2007, p. 32), to evaluate the quality of a particular research, one should answer the question whether the conclusions made by the author make logical sense in their relation to the hypotheses formulated at the beginning. Analyzing the initial hypothesis and the conclusions drawn by the scholar, it can be stated that they make logical sense. However, taking into consideration the methods used in this research, the survey and observation results, it can be stated that the conclusions concerning the identity of the buying motivations in representatives of different generations could not be drawn from the resear ch results discussed in this article. Therefore, even though the conclusion is linked to the initial hypothesis, it does not have logical sense, taking into account the research results and the argumentation provided by Dias. The recommendation for improvement of this point is to align the research methods with the main hypothesis and objectives. The third weakness of this paper is the use of observation method for defining the consumers’ buying motivations. Cooper and Schindler (2011, p. 215) noted that one of the main limitations of the observation method is its inappropriateness for gathering information on such topics as preferences and attitudes. Therefore, the method of observation is not suitable for the research question. The suggestion for improvement would be to replace the method of observation with a more appropriate technique. The fourth weakness of this article is the inappropriate distribution of surveys for gathering the information on the attitudes of generat ion X and generation Y. By sending these surveys to colleges and high schools, the scholar could not access the representatives of both generations. Though the age of college students can vary, the majority of college population is no older than 23. Consequently, taking into account the year 2003 when the survey was conducted, it can be stated that both groups of participants belonged to the generation Y who were born between the years 1981 and 2002. The suggestion for improvement of this significant weakness is to send a part of surveys to enterprises and ask the employees to answer them. The fifth weakness was discussion of limitations before the discussion of the research results. This feature can reduce the validity of the research results. The recommendation for improvement is to include this section before the main conclusion. The section of limitation is valuable but it should be one of the final parts of the scholarly article because it offers the improvements and directions for further research of the topic. The sixth weakness is the tables on page 84 which are difficult to interpret and are not the best way for presenting the research results. The improvement of this point can be achieved by changing the structure of these tables and their graphical layout. Consequently, this article has a number of significant weaknesses which substantially decrease the value of this paper. Validity and reliability of the research findings Judging from the weaknesses of this article which were discussed in the previous section, it can be stated that the findings of this study cannot be regarded as valid and reliable. The inappropriateness of research methods for exploring this topic, the inconsistency of the research goals, methods and outcomes, not to mention the overall organization of report and insufficient references decrease the value of this article and do not allow making any generalizations. Not to mention the convenient sampling that was mentioned by the a uthor as one of the limitations of the study, the sample was not representative and even did not include the required number of representatives of the generation X. Additionally, the results of the recent studies have presented conclusions opposite to the conclusion made by Dias (2003). Van Den Bergh, Behrer and Kerkstoel (2011, p. 11) noted that generation can be defined as a product of current times and people cannot become identical to their parents when reaching a particular age. The assumption made by Dias (2003, p. 85) concerning the same categories of products as their parents bought, including cars and baby clothing does not mean that generation Y will select the same products and the same brands. Therefore, this claim cannot be a basis for generalization. In general, the findings of this article could be of practical value for marketers, but further research is required for investigating this question and minimizing the limitations. Conclusion As it can be seen from the cri tique of the main strengths and weaknesses of the article by Dias, the study of generational buying motivations had significant limitations which reduce the validity, reliability and practical value of its findings. Due to the inappropriate research methods and the discrepancy between the research goals and methods, on the one hand, and the research results and conclusions, on the other hand, the argumentation provided by Dias (2003) cannot be regarded as sufficient for supporting her hypothesis. References Adams, J., Raeside, R., Khan, H. (2007) Research methods for graduate business and social science students. Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications. Bryman, A. Bell, E. (2007) Business research methods. New York, Oxford University Press. Cooper, D. Schindler, P. (2011) Business research methods. 11th edition. New York, McGraw Hill. Dias, L. P. (2003) Generational buying motivations for fashion. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management, 7 (1), pp. 78 – 86. Van Den Bergh, J., Behrer, M. Kerkstoel, G. (2011) How cool brands stay hot: Branding to generation Y. Philadelphia, Kogan Page Limited.

Biomedical Ethics Essay Example

Biomedical Ethics Essay Example Biomedical Ethics Essay Biomedical Ethics Essay Alan Goldman’s piece. A Refutation of Medical Paternalism’ . contains an statement for why medical paternalism is incorrect. Goldman argues from the thought of The Relativity of Value. ’ Explain this peculiar statement and demo how it is an statement against medical paternalism ( be certainly to first specify what medical paternalism is ) . Do you believe this statement is right? Why or why non? In biomedical moralss. the construct of patient liberty versus is a immense consideration. This liberty is frequently contrasted with what is called medical paternalism. Medical paternalism refers to doctors moving in respects to what they feel is best for the patient without much respect to the patient’s true wants. It is the intercession of an individual’s right of action justified by grounds mentioning to the public assistance and/or involvement of that person. While medical paternalism may be seen as positive. many refute it. In Goldman’s paper. A Refutation of Medical Paternalism. he talks about why medical paternalism is incorrect. Goldman refutes medical paternalism by presenting assorted statements that support his instance. One facet of his statement lies in the undermentioned claim sing the relativity of values: The cardinal faulty premiss in the statement for paternalistic function distinction for physicians is that which assumes that wellness or drawn-out life must take absolute precedence in the patient’s value orderings ( 67 ) . Goldman states that in world. persons do non systematically move in order to minimise loss of life although the long-run penchant is to populate long. If persons did prioritise minimal loss of life invariably. all attempts would be purely directed towards health-related countries. This is non the instance. for to realize or continue those values that give significance to life is worth the hazard of life itself ( 68 ) . Therefore. Goldman states that it is unlogical for a physician to find what is best for the patient when such physician can non talk for what the patientâ €™s set of values and precedences. While a physician believes wellness is figure one in precedence. the person may non ever hold wellness as figure one at all times. The 2nd facet to Goldman’s statement is centered on the value of self-government. He argues that. as stated before. a physician can non truly cognize the true involvements of his patient. and at times. the patient may or may non even cognize his or her ain involvements. Because of this uncertainness. the physician is less likely than the patient to do the right determination. We value the exercising of free pick itself in personally of import determinations. no affair what the effects of those determinations upon other satisfactions ( 70 ) . When picks are of import to our lives. we like to cognize we have the ability to hold some control over them. When a physician holds the reigns of a patient’s good being without the patient’s say. it is difficult to state that the determination made is just. I personally concur with Goldman and th e statements he presents. I can see both sides to the statement ; I can see why medical paternalism can be good in some instances. but I can see why overall it is a basic intervening of an individual’s liberty. In the defence of medical paternalism. one can reason that it is expected of the medical practician to make what is best for his or her patient. However. as Goldman states. what does the practician know of what is best for a patient? For illustration. a patient may be in demand for a blood transfusion. Yet if the patient happens to be a follower of the Jehovah’s Witness. the physician can’t perchance coerce the patient to take the transfusion. for it straight goes against the patient’s beliefs. I believe that although physicians may medically hold an thought as to what is best for an person. what is of import is for the person to follow. for it is his or her organic structure that is being affected.

History of Post Office Technology

History of Post Office Technology At the turn of the 20th century, the Post Office Department relied entirely on antiquated mailhandling operations, such as the pigeonhole method of letter sorting, a holdover from colonial times. Although crude sorting machines were proposed by inventors of canceling machines in the early 1900s and tested in the 1920s, the Great Depression and World War II postponed widespread development of post office mechanization until the mid-1950s. The Post Office Department then took major steps toward mechanization by initiating projects and awarding contracts for the development of a number of machines and technologies, including letter sorters, facer-cancelers, automatic address readers, parcel sorters, advanced tray conveyors, flat sorters, and letter mail coding and stamp-tagging technology. Post Office Sorting Machines Post Office Cancelers Post Office Optical Character Reader Mechanization increased productivity. By the mid-1970s, however, it was clear that cheaper, more efficient methods and equipment were needed if the Postal Service was to offset rising costs associated with growing mail volume. To reduce the number of mail piece handlings, the Postal Service began to develop an expanded ZIP Code in 1978. The new code required new equipment. The Post Office entered the age of automation in September 1982 when the first computer-driven single-line optical character reader was installed in Los Angeles. The equipment required a letter to be read only once at the originating office by an OCR, which printed a barcode on the envelope. At the destinating office, a less expensive barcode sorter (BCS) sorted the mail by reading its barcode. Following the introduction of the ZIP4 code in 1983, the first delivery phase of the new OCR channel sorters and BCSs was completed by mid-1984. Today, a new generation of equipment is changing the way mail flows and improving productivity. Multiline optical character readers (MLOCRs) read the entire address on an envelope, spray a barcode on the envelope, then sort it at the rate of more than nine per second. Wide area barcode readers can read a barcode virtually anywhere on a letter. Advanced facer-canceler systems face, cancel, and sort mail. The remote barcoding system (RBCS) provides barcoding for handwritten script mail or mail that cannot be read by OCRs. Walk-It Until now, most of the emphasis in automation has been processing machine-imprinted mail. Still, letter mail with addresses that were handwritten or not machine-readable had to be processed manually or by a letter sorting machine. The RBCS now allows most of this mail to receive delivery point barcodes without being removed from the automated mailstream. When MLOCRs cannot read an address, they spray an identifying code on the back of the envelope. Operators at a data entry site, which may be far from the mail processing facility, read the address on a video screen and key a code that allows a computer to determine the ZIP Code information. The results are transmitted back to a modified barcode sorter, which pulls the 11-digit ZIP Code information for that item, and sprays the correct barcode on the front of the envelope. The mail then can be sorted within the automated mailstream. Handling Paper Flow Competition and Change Competition grew for every postal product. The rise of fax machines, electronic communications, and other technologies offered alternatives for conveying bills, statements, and personal messages. Entrepreneurs and publishing companies set up alternate delivery networks in an attempt to hold down the costs of delivering magazines and newspapers. Many third-class mailers, finding their mailing budgets reduced and their postage rates increased higher than expected, began shifting some of their expenditures to other forms of advertising, including cable television and telemarketing. Private companies continued to dominate the market for the urgent delivery of mail and packages.

A sociological analysis of how family life may influence dependent Essay

A sociological analysis of how family life may influence dependent childrens opportunities to develop their sporting potential - Essay Example It is a part of common knowledge that child starts his initial stage of learning in his family. A dependent child lacks the healthy family backgrounds and natural surroundings that facilitate gradual development in various skills. The feeling of surety and care help the child to generate the status of mental and physical fitness. Dependent children are prevented from experiencing love, protection, tenderness, co-operation and self respect. It results severe development problems for those children. Both mental and physical fitness is essential for the structured development of sporting potential. The life of dependent child arises some questions about the process of natural growth having care, encouragement and motivation. Even though, parents may feel initially it is good to be needed, then this can change in to an exhausting way. A child’s dependent status always based on his own decisions and the chance of revision and modification are impossible. â€Å"A dependent child is vulnerable to exploitation and revictimization because he/she has a tendency to attach to anyone who he/she feels attends to their physical or emotional needs† (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Urquiza & Winn, 1994). A dependent child faces his life not very seriously. ... good structure of communication between the athletes and these families during games and education of the families on how to be a resource for the athletes helped athletes to enjoy their family’s support (Jowett, S., Lavallee, D. & Lavallee, D. 2007, p. 239). Noemie P. Beaulieu makes relevant studies in the field of the development problems among the dependent children. Author argues that dependent children often subjected to less sporting potential and are less likely to engage organized sports activities. Author observes; â€Å"This condition makes field-dependent children have a less positive experience in learning new sports skills for which they are usually unaware of the inherent relationship at the beginning stage of learning† (Beaulieu, 2008, p. 173). Consequently, these children have faced various problems in various fields such as less capacity in sports skills, low level physical fitness and poor confidence level. Psychological theories like social learning t heory and cognitive theory highlights the process of behavior formation of a child through imitation and continuous observation. Family life and experiences have a significant role in providing opportunities for young children to develop sporting spirits. â€Å"Sport can contribute significantly to international, national and local efforts to give children a healthy start† (Sport for children and youth, n. d. p.80). Family atmosphere of a child provides motivation and encouragement for children in practicing various activities. In case of a dependent child, it is clear that he lacks the care and attention of his real parents. Here, his life lacks encouragement and frequent emotional support. It clearly affects the development of his sporting potential. Parents in many families have given attention in

Captivity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Captivity - Essay Example luential individual or stratum upon the weak and helpless, so that the powerful could exploit the riches, belongs, talent, energies or qualities of the captive for his own purpose. As it has often been observed that the highly qualified professionals are confined to some specific task or job by the rich entrepreneur in the name of financial stability. Similarly, animals are made captive and confined into cages and snares for the entertainment of humans. But captivity is not restrained to encaging or physical confinement only. Rather, there are multiple forms of imprisonment and captivity. Renowned French philosopher of 18th century Jean Jacques Rousseau once said that man was born free, but everywhere he is in chains. The quote maintains depth of oceans in it due to the fact that man undergoes various kinds of captivities, which serve as great hurdles on his way to achieve his ultimate destination in this world as well as in the world Hereinafter. Hence, humans are captives of social norms, cultural traditions, historically existing conventions, religious beliefs, financial problems and statutes of prevailing law, and are bound to adapt their lives accordingly on the basis of all such norms, mores, traditions, beliefs and laws. Not only this that man is bound in the chains inflicted by others upon him, but also he is slave to his own wishes and desires, which make him their captive in the very sense and definition of the term. It is therefore it is aptly viewed that man is the captive of his own body. Hunger and thirst are basic human instincts and needs, without whi ch body stops working properly. If an individual is not offered bread for few hours only, he will start turning weak and fragile. Consequently, he becomes irritated and strives to get the same either in peaceful manners or by applying force. It brings uncertainty, disorder, chaos and turmoil in society. But it proves the very fact that man is captive of his body. Extraordinary change in climate, chilly

Mohammed Ail Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Mohammed Ail - Research Paper Example He rose to fame even outside the boxing ring for his outspoken and brave behavior. When the government demanded of him to join the military in 1957 to fight in Vietnam he refused citing religious reasons. He said that he cannot fight until and unless it is justified through religious teachings. The US government did not recognize this excuse and arrested him for draft evasion charges. The American public shifted their perception about Ali after his conviction (Ezra, 2009). People turned sympathetic towards him and saw him as an inspiration. Due to this incident, he could not professionally box for four years at the prime time of his career. Later Ali’s appeal worked its way to the Supreme Court. He won the case in his favor. His court victory made him an icon for a generation that would reject forceful inclusion in the military or any action against their will. Finally in 1971 he returned to the ring. He won the world heavyweight championship title three times; 1964, 1974 and 1978. His career as a boxing legend involves historical matches with boxing greats like George Foreman and Joe Frazier. Muhammad Ali rose above his sport after mastering it (Remnick, 2011). Ali brought the game of boxing to a whole new level. With his charismatic personality, his sheer power in the ring and his butterfly movements he became an icon for the sports of boxing. Ali is an entertainer when it comes to interviews and TV shows. He is an outspoken personality and would love to talk about issues other than boxing. He was the first African-American athlete who would shout his pride of being from the black race. He stood firm against the white establishment. Ali was kept under surveillance by the FBI, and received the same treatment as Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X (Remnick, 2011). He lived a high-profile life and move the masses. Ali was born in Louisville Kentucky. His father Cassius Marcellus Clay

Castration as a punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Castration as a punishment - Essay Example Castration is a method of punishment that involves the authorities chopping off the private parts of the offender. Various debates have existed on whether this method of punishment is fair and it is appropriate to go through several facts that show why it ought to continue. Many people have argued that this method of punishment is not fair for it involves messing with the body parts of a human being. This argument does not have much support for going through the areas that have passed this law; they pass it for it assists in punishing criminals who engage in uncouth activities such as rape (Goldin, 2013). When carrying out rape, the criminals get to mess with the private parts of innocent individuals and thus the reason why it is fair for the authorities to carry out the same type of punishment on the person. Another argument that can be used to show the fact that these people ought to be castrated is the issue of repeat offenders. Many cases exist where the person who carried out the raping crime carries out the same mistake again (Becker, 2012). After being caught and imprisoned for the first time, these people have the ability to feel as if they did not deserve the punishment and as a sign of rebellion may rape again. This matter has existed for a very long time. However, if a person is castrated after carrying out the crime for the first time, then there is no chance that he can carry out the crime again. Castration ought to be a sentencing option to the judges and this ids for the fact that when a person is sentenced to punishment of castration, he goes through much pain and suffering that may be effective enough to act as a warning to other people that may have had similar intentions. Moreover, this method of sentencing ensures that the offender does not carry out the crime again even after the release (Tracy, 2013). There are different cases that have come up over the

File Properties and Attributes, Operating Systems Assignment

File Properties and Attributes, Operating Systems - Assignment Example The operating systems are the system software that provides an interface for users to interact with the computer to perform their required tasks. The operating systems are major software applications necessary for computer users to use the system. Without the operating system, the users can not use the computer as computers do not understand human languages. The operating systems perform the task of translating user inputs to computer understandable format and vice versa. "An operating system is a special computer program that manages the relationship between application software, the wide variety of hardware that makes up a computer system, and the user of the system" [Wikipedia]. Once the booting process is complete, the kernel hands over the control to various other applications and programs to run. Kernel also provides access to various core services to other programs. These include disk access, memory management, task scheduling and other hardware devices. The layers of OS include Service layer providing services to other software to interact and use the functionality of kernel, Command layer providing a command driven interface options and application layer running and executing application level software and tasks. The List  of resources allocated by the operating system and explain the process of the allocation process. Include: Single process resource allocation -  The single process resource allocations are done in a simple manner. Based on the available resources, the CPU distributes the entire process into pieces and allocates and schedule resources accordingly.

Social marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Social marketing - Essay Example This report focuses mainly on ways and techniques for social marketing. Social marketing is a source of creating awareness regarding any essential issue in a society and works for social benefits by means of various campaigns which are usually non-profit seeking. It is a way to change behavior of individuals in a society and strive for their good. These issues could be health related or may be associated with behavioral changes needed by a society. Social marketing must not be puzzled or mingled with â€Å"societal marketing â€Å"or â€Å"social media marketing† as these are entirely separate marketing techniques.(Kotler, Roberto, Lee, 2002) Social marketing may include various significant campaigns like stop smoking, and it should be avoided in public places and where kids are present in a family places like restaurants. Awareness regarding syringes to be disposed immediately after the use, to avoid HIV transmission. Here it also involves educating people to observe the laboratory technician or hospital staff whether they dispose the syringe in front of you in the trash can or not. Another health issue is the use same shaving razor in saloons that may lead to catch jaundice or hepatitis infections and skin diseases. (Ewing, 2001) Hence the aim of social marketing is to use commercial techniques for the betterment of society and common people regardless of considering the financial profit. HEALTH CARE INDUSTRY: One of the healthcare industries is a pharmaceutical industry that manufactures drug substances including tablet, capsule, injections, syrups, suspensions, creams and ointments. The label of a drug is one of the most important protocols that should contain all relevant information including generic name of the drug, weight of the active ingredient, batch number, date of manufacture, expiry date , manufacturer’s name, dose, and other useful information which stands as a key factor in marketing of these medicinal agents. Another healthcare industry is a hospital where a patient is admitted for treatment and gets cured. These days many hospitals are occupied in social marketing related to human health like arranging free eye camps for treatment of cataract and free diabetes check up etc. Certain NGO’s and government healthcare departments are organizing various social marketing campaigns like prevention of drug addiction and counseling of such addict ed individuals. PRODUCTS FOR SOCIAL MARKETING: Social marketing products are non-tangible objects and are important for health, safety and environments benefits. There are many examples of social marketing products like, water conservation, keep the environment clean and green etc. (Vella, 2008) EXERCISE: Here we shall consider the example of â€Å"exercise† as a social marketing product. Exercise is considered as one of the most important aspect of human life style. It helps you staying fit and healthy. This act is very essential for prevention of various diseases like myocardial infarction, blood pressure, diabetes, arthritis etc. Even pregnant women are advised for mild exercises during the period of gestation to keep themselves active. Exercise boosts your stamina and helps in ailment of numerous diseases. A brisk walk is supposed to be the best exercise for age groups. Nowadays there is a trend of going to gym for aerobics and use of fitness machines. Therefore exercise as one of social marketing product where different companies are also engaged in bringing people towards health and fitness and changing their views, plays a vital role in prevention and cure of a number of health related issues. There are four Ps of marketing: product, place, price and promotion. (Kotler, 2003) Product: means the preferred attitude that the marketing company anticipates from the consumers. This is usually a non-tangible object but could be physical as well (e.g. weight reduction pill). Price: The price should be affordable, like offering special packages for gym, swimming pool, games such as tennis,

File Properties and Attributes, Operating Systems Assignment

File Properties and Attributes, Operating Systems - Assignment Example The operating systems are the system software that provides an interface for users to interact with the computer to perform their required tasks. The operating systems are major software applications necessary for computer users to use the system. Without the operating system, the users can not use the computer as computers do not understand human languages. The operating systems perform the task of translating user inputs to computer understandable format and vice versa. "An operating system is a special computer program that manages the relationship between application software, the wide variety of hardware that makes up a computer system, and the user of the system" [Wikipedia]. Once the booting process is complete, the kernel hands over the control to various other applications and programs to run. Kernel also provides access to various core services to other programs. These include disk access, memory management, task scheduling and other hardware devices. The layers of OS include Service layer providing services to other software to interact and use the functionality of kernel, Command layer providing a command driven interface options and application layer running and executing application level software and tasks. The List  of resources allocated by the operating system and explain the process of the allocation process. Include: Single process resource allocation -  The single process resource allocations are done in a simple manner. Based on the available resources, the CPU distributes the entire process into pieces and allocates and schedule resources accordingly.

Human and Plant Physiology Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human and Plant Physiology - Coursework Example The mesophyll tissue, which is made up of spongy cells, and palisade cells contain a huge number of chloroplasts. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll (a green pigment) which absorbs light energy during photosynthesis. The leaf’s palisade tissue contains the greatest concentration of chloroplasts and it is in this tissue where most photosynthesis takes place (Adds, Larkcom, and Miller 2004, p3). Explain the Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide between the Plant and Its Environment Gaseous exchange indicates the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the plant and its environment or surrounding. There are two processes of gaseous exchange, photosynthetic gas exchange and respiratory gas exchange. In photosynthetic gas exchange, carbon dioxide is taken up and oxygen given off by the plant. On the other hand, in respiratory gas exchange, the plant takes up oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide. The process that predominates at a certain time can be determined at the leaf surfac e of the assimilating plant. Respiratory carbon dioxide escapes when it is dark. Under optimal conditions for assimilation, photosynthesis is maintained by the utilization of carbon dioxide set free through respiration. This state of compensation is only evident when the process of gas exchange is shut off. It is important to note that gas exchange between the plant cells and its surroundings or the environment takes place by mass flow and diffusion (Larcher 2003, p91). Explain the Uptake of Water and Minerals by the Plant After the diffusion of mineral-rich soil water into the roots, the water reaches the vascular cylinder of the root through two ways, (a) by diffusing through the cell wall, and (b) by moving through the cytoplasm. Water enters the cytoplasm through the diffusion across the plasma membrane of the cell in the root’s cortex or epidermis. Dissolved mineral cannot diffuse because the membranes are impermeable to ions (Evers, Starr, and Starr 2010, p418). Mineral ions enter the cytoplasm through the active transport process in the plasma membranes. In the cytoplasm, ions and water diffuse from one cell to the cell through plasmodesmata until they enter the vascular cylinder. After water and ions enter the vascular cylinder, they are distributed to the other parts of the plant by the xylem. The plant’s cell wall is rigid but permeable to ions and water. Soil water can enter vascular cylinder by direct diffusion through the cell walls. The parenchyma cells in the root cortex are tightly packed, and they create a continuous pathway that permits the diffusion of mineral ions and water into the vascular cylinder from the epidermis. It is important to note that soil water diffusing into through the cell wall enters the vascular cylinder through the endodermal cell cytoplasm (Evers, Starr, and Starr 2010, p419). Analyse the Benefits of Exercise and the Problems Associated With Obesity There are numerous health benefits of exercise. Exercise can minimize major illnesses such as stroke, diabetes, cancer, and heart disease by up to 50 percent. Exercise can lower up to 30 percent the risk of early death in an individual. Research indicates that physical activity or exercise can boost mood, energy, sleep quality, and self-esteem. Physical activity has been shown to reduce the risk of depression, Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, and stress. People who do exercise regularly

Economics Markets Essay Example for Free

Economics Markets Essay The most probable result if the minimum wage for teenage workers in Australia will increase is that the employment rate will decrease. The effects on employment on the workers on the increase in the minimum wage of teenage workers will lose their job. This is because employers must retain their profit. Increasing the minimum wage of the workers will result into decrease profit of the company, thus employers will lessen their employers also decreasing their labor costs to retain their profit (Kennan 2007). Take for example a company that aims to maximize its profit. Currently, the companys labor force is n and the minimum wages for its employer is w. Consider a case when the company increases the minimum wage to W with no changes to other factor like profit. If this happens, the profit will decrease because of n*(W-w). The only way to regain the losses of the company that is brought by the increase in the minimum wage is to lessen its labor force n to compensate the losses. Drastic change will occur on the employment of teenage workers in Australia because employers will consider first the adult or the professionals. Companies that need personnel with expertise on the said company will be hired first because these professional are more equipped in producing profit for the company. The figure below illustrates how employment is being affected by the increase in the rate of wage of the labors. As the wage increase, so also the gap thus increasing the rate of unemployment (David Tuerck and Paul Bachman 2005). There are other possible outcomes when minimum wage rate will increase among teenage workers in Australia. Though many employee will be attracted on the high wage rate in Australia, there is a big possibility that companies will go to other places where there is low wage rate. Most companies now are finding their personnel on places where there is a low wage rate. This is to lessen other expenses incurred by the companies (Haussamen 2007).

OSI MODEL Essay -- essays research papers

Michael Rauseo  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   IT310  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   OSI Model In the early years of computer and network research and development many systems were designed by a number of companies. Although each system had its rights and were sold across the world, it became apparent as network usage grew, that it was difficult, to enable all of these systems to communicate with each other. In the early 1980s, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) recognized the need for a network model that would help companies create common network implementations. The OSI reference model, released in 1984, addresses this need. The OSI reference model became the primary architectural model for communications. Although other architectural models have been created, most network vendors relate their network products to the OSI reference model. The OSI model describes the processes necessary for effective communication in terms of a seven layered model. The seven layers are : Physical Layer The physical layer defines the electrical, mechanical, procedural, and functional specifications for activating, maintaining, and deactivating the physical link between end systems. Such characteristics as voltage levels, timing of voltage changes, physical data rates, maximum transmission distances, and physical connectors, are defined by physical layer specifications. Data Link Layer The data-link layer provides error-free transfer of data frames from one computer to another over the physical layer. The layers above this layer can assume virtually error-free transmission over the network. The data-link layer provides the following functions. - Establishing and terminating a logical link between two computers identified by their unique network interface card. - Controlling frame flow by instructing the transmitting computer not to transmit frame buffers - Sequentially transmitting and receiving frames - Providing and expecting frame-acknowledgment, and detecting and recovering from errors that occur in the physical layer by ret... ...cation layer of one system will be readable by the application layer of another system. If necessary, the presentation layer translates between multiple data representation formats by using a common data representation format. The presentation layer concerns itself not only with the format and representation of actual user data, but also with data structures used by programs. In addition to actual data format transformation, the presentation layer negotiates data transfer syntax for the application layer. Application Layer The application layer is the OSI layer closest to the user. It differs from the other layers because it does not provide services to any other OSI layer, but rather to application processes lying outside the scope of the OSI model. Examples include spreadsheet programs, word-processing programs, banking terminal programs, etc. The application layer identifies and establishes the availability of intended communication partners, synchronizes cooperating applications, and establishes agreement on procedures for error recovery and control of data integrity. Also, the application layer determines whether sufficient resources for the intended communication exist. []

The Relationship Between Political Processes and Science Essay

The political processes involved in the production of scientific facts and technology continues to be misrepresented and underemphasised in contemporary academic and wider public discourse. This is evident when considering the approaches employed by historians, philosophers and commentators when interpreting past revolutions, paradigm shifts and controversies in science. In this failure to account for the intrinsic association of politics, scientific facts and technology, it has led to the problematic distortion of how science relates to society and operates as an institution. Several assumptions are often made about science, for example the existence of an objective ‘scientific method’. Naà ¯ve inductivists who maintain this view claim that â€Å"science starts with observation†, and secondly that â€Å"observation yields a secure basis from which knowledge can be derived† (Chalmers, 1982, p. 22). This standard model of science raises much concern as it negates to account for the complex nature of observation. Firstly, Gestalt imagery demonstrates the variety of distinct meanings which can be extrapolated from one image and so a variety of stimuli. Secondly, the standard story of ‘scientific method’ through observation is weakened when considering the importance of ‘gaps’ within science, shown through the Solar Neutrino case study. Scientists observed the activity of solar neutrinos and in 1967, when data begun to transpire, inconsistencies were noticed which defied their predictions. There were disagr eements concerning the reading of the results and from 1968 to 1978 the scientific community continued in their attempt to resolve the ‘gaps’. A crucial question arises, which interpretation of the image or data is ‘correct’ or ‘legitimate’... ...999, p. 17 - Bishop, J. and Landell-Mills, N., ‘Forest Environmental Services: An Overview’ in Selling Forest Environmental Services: Market-based mechanisms for conservation and development, Earthscan, London 2002, p. 30 - Ede, A. and Cormac, L., A History of Science in Society: From Philosophy to Utility, Broadview Press, Ontario, 2004, p. 209 - Kill, J., ‘The Scientific Uncertainty of Carbon Sinks’ & ‘Why Carbon Sinks Won’t Help Stop Forest Destruction’ in Sinks in the Kyoto Protocol: A dirty deal for forests, forest peoples and the climate, FERN, 2001, p, 9 - Kuhn, T., The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, The University of Chicago Press, 1996, p. 56 - Pinch, T. J. and Bijker, W. E., ‘The Social Construction of Facts and Artefacts’ in The Social Construction of Technological Systems, ed. W. E. Bijker, T. P. Hughes and T. J. Pinch, MIT Press, 1987, p. 19

Effect of Celebrity Endorsement on Consumer Behavior on the Youth of Pakistan Essay

In our research we have to just focus on the youth so our target area is â€Å"Lahore† because more than 75% are students are here. We chose Lahore as my population because it is well develop city and here large number of consumer’s are educated as compare to other many cities. More over people from all over Pakistan are living in Lahore. Sample size A sample of two hundred consumers was chosen on the basis of simple random sampling because the respondent are divided on the bases of demographic factor like age. We categories the sample of 200 respondents 160 males and 40 females because mostly females do not gave proper response. Sampling Technique The data has been collected from the respondent living in Lahore with the help of Mail questionnaires, consisting of 12 questions were developing to quantify my observation and give study a direction. we chose the probability based simple random sampling because the respondents are divided on the bases of demographic factor like age(16 to 30). Unit of analyses In this research paper we chose the individual person through the mail questionnaire because every individual have its own perception regarding buying so they individually can easily gave response that either celebrity endorsement effect on buying behavior or not. Research Instrument When we choosing a research instrument we focus on dimension of variable and also validity and reliability of variable so, we chose the scaling method as research instrument. Through scaling method we easily measure the idea, concept theme and document of research problem. We use likert scale in our questionnaire. Data collection method Basically in this paper two types of data have been used. Both are listed below: I. Primary data Primary data is the one which is collected from the scratch meaning that the data is collecting from the source and it has not changed hands. In this paper primary data has been collected from the respondents from Lahore via mail questionnaire that consist of 12 questions. The questions were structured, placed in a sequence to understand the consumer perception. The respondents were chosen randomly and the data obtained from their questionnaires was analyzed to come up with the findings. II. Secondary data Secondary data is the one which is collected from secondary source. This research study also contains secondary data .The secondary data was collected for the purpose of literature review. The secondary data was collected from different research journals and furthermore from different websites were used for this purpose. Data Organization Data organization is also called data washing. Data washing means separate the data of out layer and those respondents who just fill the questionnaires without any thinking. Reliability and Validity of Data In this step of research design check the data validity and reliability so, for checking the validity and reliability of data we focus on different test. We choose the t-test for checking the validity and reliability of our research study. Data analysis In this research paper for the analysis of data we focus on goodness of data, hypothesis testing and also focus on feel for data. In goodness of data we see the reliability and validity of data and in hypothesis testing we see that either my research study approve or disapprove. We analyze our data by regression and simple percentage method by using SPSS software.

Sludge retention time in aerobic granulation

AbstractionThis paper shows the function of sludge keeping clip in aerophilic granulation under negligible hydraulic choice force per unit area. Consequences showed that no successful aerophilic granulation was observed at the studied SRTs in the scope of six-eight months. A comparing analysis revealed that hydraulic choice force per unit area in footings of the minimal subsiding speed would be much more eective than SRT for heightening heterotrophic aerophilic granulation in sequencing batch reactor ( SBR ) . It was shown that SRT would non be a decisive factor for aerophilic granulation in SBR.IntroductionSludge keeping clip ( SRT ) is one of the most of import design and operation parametric quantities in the activated sludge procedure. It has been known that SRT may hold singular eect on bio & A ; # 64258 ; occulation of activated sludge.Basically a SRT of 2 yearss is frequently required for the formation of & A ; # 64258 ; occulated activated sludge with good subsiding ability ( Ng, 2002 ) , while the optimal SRT for good bio & A ; # 64258 ; occulation and low vitamin E & A ; # 64260 ; uent COD was found to be in the scope of 2 and 8 yearss ( Rittmann, 1987 ) . It has seen believed that a SRT shorter than 2 yearss favors the growing of spread bacteriums that in bend would ensue in increased SVI and e & A ; # 64260 ; uent COD concentration. In aerophilic farinaceous sludge sequencing batch reactor ( SBR ) without knowing control of SRT, it was found that SRT would change in a really big scope of one to forty yearss along with granulation ( Pan, 2003 ) , while Beun et Al. ( 2000 ) reported that the SRT increased from 2 yearss to 30 yearss, and so dropped to 17 yearss, & A ; # 64257 ; nally the SRT was stabilized at 9 yearss along with the formation and ripening of aerophilic granules in SBR. So far, there is no research available in the literature with respect to the indispensable function of SRT in the formation of aerophilic granules in SBR, i.e. , the eec t of SRT on aerophilic granulation remains unknown.It has been shown that aerophilic granulation in a SBR is driven by hydraulic choice force per unit area in footings of lower limit settling speed of bioparticles ( Liu et al. , 2005a ) . Therefore, to look into the eect of SRT on aerophilic granulation in SBR, the intervention of hydraulic choice force per unit area needs to be avoided. For such a intent, this survey aimed to demo if SRT is indispensable for aerophilic granulation in instance where hydraulic choice force per unit area is absent and it is expected to oer in-depth penetrations into the mechanism of aerophilic granulation every bit good as operation scheme for successful aerophilic granulation in SBR.2. Methods2.1. Experimental set-up and operationTwo columns ( 157 centimeter in tallness and 5 centimeter in diameter ) , each with a on the job volume of 1.26 L, were operated as sequencing batch reactors, viz. R1, R2, which were seeded with the activated sludge taken from a SBR working on Phenols remotion effluent intervention. R1-R2 were run at a several SRT of 24,48hours, while the other operation conditions were kept the same, i.e. 24 H of entire rhythm clip, 5 min of & A ; # 64257 ; lling, 30 min of subsiding and 5 min of vitamin E & A ; # 64260 ; uent backdown. The staying clip in each rhythm was the aeration period. In the last 2 min of aeration, a certain volume of the assorted spirits was discharged out of the reactor in order to keep the coveted SRT. Fine air bubbles were introduced at a & A ; # 64258 ; ow rate of 3.0 L/min through a dispenser located at the underside of each reactor. At the terminal of the subsiding stage, supernatant was discharged from an mercantile establishment located at half the tallness from the reactor underside. A hydraulic keeping clip of 24-48 H was maintained in reactors. The consecutive operation of the reactors was automatically controlled by timers, while two peristaltic pumps were employed for in & A ; # 64258 ; uent eating and supernatant backdown. Paper mush industry effluent used for granule cultivation.2.2. Analytic methodsBiomass concentrations in footings of entire solids ( TS ) and volatile solids ( VS ) every bit good as sludge volume index ( SVI ) were determined utilizing standard methods ( APHA, 1998 ) .The size of sludge was measured by a optical maser atom size analyzer ( Malvern Mastersizer Series 2600, Malvern ) , or an image analyzer ( IA ) ( Image-Pro Plus, V 4.0, Media Cybernet ics ) . Cell surface hydrophobicity was determined utilizing the method developed by Rosenberg et Al. ( 1980 ) . In this method, 2.5 milliliter hexadecane was used as the hydrophobic stage, and cell surface hydrophobicity was expressed as the per centum of cells adhering to the hexadecane after 15 min of breakdown.3. Consequences3.1.General observation by image analysisOn twenty-four hours 3 after the start-up of SBRs, some microbic sums with a regular form appeared in R1 tally at the SRT of 3 yearss, while really few regular-shape sums were observed on twenty-four hours 4 and twenty-four hours 5 in the SBRs operated at the SRTs of 6-40 yearss. After the & A ; # 64257 ; rst a few yearss, the development of sludge morphology became insigni & A ; # 64257 ; buzzword in R1- R2 until the reactors were stabilized in footings of changeless biomass and vitamin E & A ; # 64260 ; uent concentrations after the 30-day operation. At the steady province, it was found that aerophilic granules with a size bigger than 0.35 millimeters merely accounted for a really little fraction of entire biomass in SBRs, i.e. , bio & A ; # 64258 ; ocs were perfectly the dominant signifier of biomass in all & amp ; # 64257 ; ve SBRs operated at the SRT of 6-8 months3.2. Development of sludge sizeFig. 1 shows the remotion of COD in reactors when operated. The seed sludge had a average size of about 75.lmm. A signi & A ; # 64257 ; cant addition in the aggregative size was observed in the & A ; # 64257 ; rst month of operation in all the SBRs. From 1st month onwards, the mean size of sums bit by bit stabilized in the SBRs tally at dierent SRTs of 6-8 month. It appears that no aerophilic farinaceous sludge cover was developed in the SBRs operated at the big SRT scope of 6-8 months. Merely a few aerophilic granules with unit of ammunition form were found after 8 month of operation, while comparatively a big measure of bantam sums seemed dominant in the sludge community cultivated at the dierent SRTs. The size distribution of sums was determined on twenty-four hours 30. The peak values of the size distributions fell into a narrow scope of 150-350 lumen in R1-R2. These seem to bespeak that the SRT in the scope studied would non hold singular eect on the formation of aerophilic granules. Based on the size distribution, the fraction of aerophilic granules de & A ; # 64257 ; ned as microbic sums with a average size bigger than 350 lumen and a unit of ammunition form ( Qin et al. , 2004 ) was found to be less than 20 % in all the reactors, bespeaking that bio & A ; # 64258 ; ocs would be dominant signifier of biomass.3.3. Settleability of sludgeChanges in the sludge volume index ( SVI ) at dierent SRTs were determined in the class of SBR operation ( Fig. 2 ) . The SVI observed in all the reactors tended to diminish quickly in the & A ; # 64257 ; rst 4 month of operation, and bit by bit approached a stable degree of around 50 milliliter /g in all the instances. In add-on, a horizontal comparing across the SRTs besides shows that the SVI of sludge cultivated at the SRT of 6 month decreased more easy than those developed at the comparatively short SRTs.3.4. Biomass concentrationThe biomass concentration in footings of MLSS was measured along with the reactor operation ( Fig. 2 ) . The biomass concentrations in R1-R2 bit by bit increased up to a stable degree. It was found that the biomass concentration at steady province was proportionately related to the SRT applied, i.e. , a longer SRT would take to a higher biomass accretion.3.5. Substrate remotion dynamicssThe TOC pro & A ; # 64257 ; lupus erythematosuss within one rhythm were determined after 3 month of operation in R1-R2. A fast TOC debasement was observed in all & amp ; # 64257 ; ve SBRs, i.e. , about all input TOC was removed during the & A ; # 64257 ; rst 20 min. These finally lead to a long dearth period which has been believed to favor aerophilic granulation in SBR ( Tay et al. , 2001 ; Li et al. , 2006 ) . further revealed that the deliberate, i.e. , a higher TOC remotion rate is observed at a longer SRT. However, the lower speci & A ; # 64257 ; degree Celsiuss TOC remotion rate was observed at higher SRT. This can be moderately explained by the dierences in biomass concentrations as shown in Fig. 3a.3.6. Cell surface hydrophobicityThe cell surface hydrophobicities of sludges cultivated at dierent SRTs were found to fall into a narrow scope of 25-40 % , while the seed sludge had a cell surface hydrophobicity of 22 % . Merely the cell surface hydrophobicity of sludge developed at the SRT of 3 yearss seems somewhat higher than that of the seed sludge, whereas the cell surface hydrophobicities of sludges cultivated at the SRTs longer than 1st month are reasonably comparable with that of the seed sludge. These mean that the SRT in the scope studied would non hold singular eect on the cell surface hydrophobi city.3.7. Shift in microbic populationThe sludges cultivated in R2 were sampled on twenty-four hours 3, 10, 17, 24 for microbic analysis. It was found that the isolates some were really near to the strain Brevundimonas vesicularis, while the isolates could belong to the strain Comamonas testosterone. farther survey is needed in this respect. The population displacement s in the class of operation of R2 and R1. It can be seen that the dominant species varied along with the reactor operation, e.g. some of them was the most dominant species on 3 month onwards in R2 and R1, but this species wholly disappeared from R2 and R1 on twenty-four hours 24. Some were found to be undetectable on twenty-four hours 3 and 4 month, while they became dominant get downing from twenty-four hours 17 in both R2 and R1. It should be realized that the switching forms of microbic species in R2 and R1 are similar, however the denseness of the isolates in footings colony organizing units ( CFU ) dry biomass is much higher in R2 than in R1.4. DiscussionExisting grounds shows that the formation and construction of aerophilic granules are associated really closely with cell surface hydrophobicity which can originate cell-to-cell collection that is a important measure towards aerophilic granulation ( Liu et al. , 2004 ) . It is observed that the cell surface hydrophibicities of the sludges cultivated at the SRT of 6-8 month are reasonably comparable with that of the seed sludge. These seem to connote that that the SRT in the scope studied would non bring on signi & A ; # 64257 ; cant alterations in cell surface hydrophobicity, and the low cell surface hydrophobicity observed in bend may partly explicate unsuccessful aerophilic granulation in SBR. In add-on, Liao et Al. ( 2001 ) reported that hydrophobicities of sludges in footings of contact angle merely increased from 25 to 35 grades as the SRT was prolonged from 4 to -8 month.In the & A ; # 64257 ; old age of environmental technology, the SRT is correlated to the speci & A ; # 64257 ; hundred substrate use rate by the undermentioned look: in which Q s is the speci & A ; # 64257 ; hundred substrate use rate in a rhythm, and K d is the speci & A ; # 64257 ; hundred decay rate. Harmonizing to Eq. ( 3 ) , Y T and K vitamin D can be estimated from the secret plan of 1/SRT versus Q s, i.e. , 0.29 g MLSS/g 1 COD for Y T and 0.12 d1 K d.In fact, the ascertained growing output ( Y obs ) determined at different SRTs decreased from 0.23 g MLSS /g 1COD at the SRT of 3 month to 0.05 g MLSS g 1COD at the SRTf 40 days.Liu et Al. ( 2005b ) besides reported a growing output of0.29 MLSS g1COD and a decay rate of 0.023-0.075 vitamin D 1for glucose-fed aerophilic granules. In activated sludge modelNo. 3 ( Gujer et al. , 1999 ) , the decay rate for heterotrophic bacteriums has been reported in the scope of 0.1 and 0.2 1/d at the 10 and 20 0C, severally. Basically, a rhythm ofSBR consists of banquet and dearth stages ( Liu and Tay,2004 ; McSwain et al. , 2004 ) . In this survey, about all exter-nal organics could be removed within the & A ; # 64257 ; rst half an hr of each rhythm, i.e. , more than 75 % of each SBR rhythm would be capable to famine status, which would trip a signi & A ; # 64257 ; cant microbic decay finally taking to the low ascertained growing outputs. It appears1 that in R2 and R1 operated at the several SRT of 6 and 12 yearss, the displacement form and distribution of microbic species isolated did non demo signi & A ; # 64257 ; cant dierence. For case, on twenty-four hours 24, 10isolates were found in the sludges cultivated in R2 andR3, out of which 6 were the same. These seem to connote that in the present operation manner of SBRs, the choice of microbic species by the applied SRT would be weak, and such a weak choice on species may in bend, at least partly explain the fact that the belongingss of sludges developed in all & amp ; # 64257 ; ve SBRs merely showed some fringy dierences as discussed before. As no successful aerophilic granulation was observed in R2 and R1, it is difficult to pull a so lid decision with respect to the possible correlativity between aerophilic granulation and the ascertained alterations in microbic species. In fact, it has been thought that aerophilic granulation would non be closely related to a peculiar microbial species because aerophilic granules grown on a really broad spectrum of organic Cs have been developed, including ethanoate, glucose, phenol, p-nitrophenol, nitrilotriacetic acid ( NTA ) andferric-NTA complex synthetic and existent effluents ( Beun et al. , 2000 ; Tay et al. , 2001 ; McSwain et al.,2004 ; Schwarzenbeck et al. , 2004 ; Nancharaiah et al.,2006 ; Yi et al. , 2006 ) . As discussed earlier, SRT in the scope studied would non hold a signi & A ; # 64257 ; cant eect on the formation of aerophilic granules in SBR. For a column SBR, the travel distance of bioparticles above the discharge port is L ( distance between H2O surface and dispatching port ) . For a designed subsiding clip ( t s ) , bioparticles with a settling speed less than L/t s would be washed out of the reactor, while merely those with a subsiding speed greater than L/t s will be retained. Harmonizing to Liu et Al. ( 2005a ) , a minimal subsiding speed ( V s ) min exists in SBR, and it can be de & amp ; # 64257 ; ned as follows: shows that a long L or a short subsiding clip would ensue in a larger ( V s ) min, and frailty versa. It has been believed that aerophilic granulation in a SBR is driven by hydraulic choice force per unit area in footings of lower limit settling speed of bioparticles ( Liu et al. , 2005a ) . This means that to analyze the eect of SRT on aerophilic granulation in SBR, the intervention of hydraulic choice force per unit area needs to be avoided. In this survey, in order to look into the eect of SRT on aerophilic granulation without intervention of hydraulic choice force per unit area, the choice force per unit area in footings of ( V s ) min was minimized to an highly low degree of 0.76-0.78 m /h. Qin et Al. ( 2004 ) studied aerophilic granulation at dierent settling times with a & A ; # 64257 ; xed L, while Wang et Al. ( 2006 ) investigated aerophilic granulation at dif- ferent L at the changeless subsiding clip. Using those every bit good as the information obtained in this survey, a correlativity of the fraction of aerophilic granules and ( V s ) min is. It can be seen that the frac tion of aerophilic granules is proportionately correlated to ( V s ) min. Furthermore, at a ( V s ) min less than 4 thousand /h, aerophilic granulation is non favored in SBR, alternatively the growing of suspended sludge would be greatly encour- aged. It should be realized that the typical subsiding speed of conventional activated sludge is by and large less than 5 1/m ( Giokas et al. , 2003 ) . These imply that for a SBR operated at a ( V s ) min lower than the settling speed of con- ventional sludge, suspended sludge could non be eectively recluse. As the consequence, suspended sludge will take over the full reactor at low ( V s ) min merely every bit observed in this survey no affair how SRT was controlled. These consequences indicate that SRT would non be a primary factor regulating aerophilic granulation in SBR.5. DecisionThis survey for the & A ; # 64257 ; rst clip consistently investigatedthe function of SRT in aerophilic granulation in SBR. No success- ful aerophilic granula tion was observed at all studied SRTs, i.e. , bio & A ; # 64258 ; ocs were the dominant signifier of biomass at the SRTs studied. Dierent from the conventional activated sludge procedure, aerophilic granulation in SBR is improbable dependant on SRT, and this may hold great technology deduction in the design, optimisation and operation of a full graduated table aerophilic farinaceous sludge SBR.

Jealous vs Envy Essay

At first glance the average person might think that the words envious and jealous can be used interchangeably, because they are synonyms, but if you stop and analyze these two words you will find that they are not all that interchangeable. When it comes to deciding what words are kept in a language and what words are eventually replaced by more efficient words, a linguist knows that a language can only stand to keep words that communicate something and that are efficient in that communication process. Due to the fact that a language only keeps words that are need to communicate something that is unique to that word I believe that the English language would not keep envious and jealous if the two words communicated the same exact message. In the first half of this paper I will analize the word envious and how it is used in literary examples. Then in the second half of this paper I will look at the word jealous and how it is used in literary texts. Once I have examined both of words I will then compare how the two words differ in their usages. The definition of the word envious is, â€Å"Feeling, expressing, or characterized by envy.† (American Heritage ® Dictionary) I don’t think that you can really define a word by using the word in the definition so I would like to include the definition of envy because I feel like it accurately defines envious, the adjectival form of envy, as well. The dictionary defines envy as, â€Å"A feeling of discontent and resentment aroused by and in conjunction with desire for the possessions or qualities of another.† (American Heritage ® Dictionary) The etymology of the word envy is that it comes from â€Å"Middle English envie, from Old French, from Latin invidia, from invidus, envious, from invid[pic]re, to look at with envy.† (American Heritage ® Dictionary) I think that the invariant meaning of the word envious is to desire something, whether it is tangible or intangible, that someone else has. In the following examples I analyze whether the object of envy is a tangible item, and I also look at the possibility of whether the envy is in a resentful manner. I look at those two specific things because at first glance I thought that envious might be marked for one of these things. Example one: â€Å"At times he regarded the wounded solders in an envious way. He conceived persons with torn bodies to be partially happy. He wished he, too, had a wound, a [little] red badge of courage.† (Crane 51) In this first example the speakers is envious of how  happy the soldiers are. He is envious of something that is intangible and it is of something that he wants to have. I don’t think that the speaker is resentful of the soldiers, but I would say that happiness is something that he desires. Example two: â€Å"She went up to London last winter with her mamma, and there everybody admired her, and a young lord fell in love with her: but his relations were against the match; and- what do you think?—he and Miss Georgiana made it up to run away: but they were found our and stopped. It was Miss Reed that found them out; I believe she was envious; and now she and her sister lead a cat-and-dog life together; they are always quarrelling.† (Bronte 92) In this example Miss Reed is envious of the relationship or love that Miss Georgiana has with some guy. I think that Miss Reed is somewhat resentful in this example and that she desires to have a relationship, which is something intangible, with a man too. Example three: â€Å"Margaret found a place as nursery governess, and felt rich with her small salary. As she said, she was ‘fond of luxury,’ and her chief trouble was poverty. She found it harder to bear than the others, because she could remember a time when home was beautiful, life full of ease and pleasure, and want of any kind unknown. She tried not to be envious or discontented. But it was very natural that the young girl should long for pretty things, gay friends, accomplishments, and a happy life.† (Alcott 34) In this example Margaret has a desire for the nice things and she is reminiscent of a time when she had these things. Margaret wants something tangible in this example and I think there is sort of a felling of resentment at the fact that she doesn’t have these â€Å"things.† Example four: â€Å"Noirtier indicated by a look a tray on which were standing a decanter of lemonade and a tumbler. Noirtier himself had drunk some of the lemonade half an hour before. ‘Have some of the lemonade, Borrois,’ the girl said. ‘I can see you are looking at it with envious eyes.’ ‘The fact is, mademoiselle, I am dying of thirst, and I shall be only too glad to drink your health in a glass of lemonade.† (Dumas 454) In this example Borrois desirers to have some of the lemonade which is something tangible. I don’t think that there is any type of resentment but just a strong desire to have something that is not his or her’s. The definition of the jealous is, â€Å"Resentful or bitter in rivalry; envious: jealous of the success of others.† (American Heritage ® Dictionary) The word jealous is the adjectival form of jealousy. The etymology for the word is that it comes from, â€Å"Middle English jelous, from Old French gelos, jealous, zealous, from Vulgar Latin *zlsus, from Late Latin zlus, zeal.† (American Heritage ® Dictionary) I think that the invariant meaning of the word jealous is to desire or want something that a rival has. For the word jealous I will analyze whether the word is used to describe a rival and I will look at if it is used with resentment. I believe that the word jealous could be marked for one of these things that is why I chose these things to analyze. Example five: â€Å"All Dantes’s success has earned him some jealous enemies. The purser of his ship, Danglars, eants to become the captain of the Pharaon; Fernand Mondego is in love with Dantes’s fiancà ©e; his neighbor Caderousse is simply envious that Dantes is so much luckier in life than he has been.† (Dumas 637) In this example both jealous and envious are used. I will analyze envious first and then I will analyze jealous. In this example when the author uses the word envious they are describing Caderousse desire to have the luck that Dantes has. Luck is an intangible thing and I don’t think that there is any resement at the fact that Dantes has so much luck. With the example of jealous Dantes’s enemies, which are a rival, are resentful of the success that Dantes has had. Example six: â€Å"Miss Bingley saw, or suspected, enough to be jealous; and her great anxiety for the recovery of her dear friend Jane received some assistance from her desire of getting rid of Elizabeth.† (Austen 52) In this example you can see that Miss Bingley is jealous of someone else who is a rival. I think that there is also resentment in this example because when the author uses the word â€Å"suspected† it makes it seem as if Miss Bingley might be bitter about the thing she is jealous of. I think that the jealousy is directed towards another woman that Miss Bingley feel is a rival of her’s. Example seven: â€Å"He patted me on the head; but somehow, I didn’t like him or his deep voice, and I was jealous that his hand should touch my mother’s in touching me- which it did. I put it away as well as I could.† (Dickens 21) In this example the boy is jealous of this man that is invading his mother’s and his personal time. I think that the man would be considered a rival because the boy and the man seem to be competing for the mother’s attention. I would also say that the boy has a resentful tone towards the man and the jealousy is directed towards person. Example eight: â€Å"There was nothing too cool or banish love in these circumstances, though much to create despair. Much too, you will think reader, to engender jealousy: if a woman in my position could presume to be jealous of a woman in Miss Ingram’s. But I was not jealous, or very rarely; the nature of the pain I suffered could not be explained by the word.† (Bronte 194) In this example the speaker is jealous of Miss Ingram and the position that she holds. Miss Ingram is someone who is a rival of the speaker’s and I think that there is resentment towards Miss Ingram because the speaker desires that person’s position. Example nine: In one of the windows over the garage the curtains had been moved aside a little, and Myrtle Wilson was peering down at the car. So engrossed was she that she had no consciousness of being observed, and one emotion after another crept into her face like objects into a slowly developing picture. Her expression was curiously familiar- it was an expression I had often seen on women’s face’s, but on Myrtle Wilson’s face it seemed purposeless and inexplicable until I realized that her eyes, wide with jealous terror were not fixed on Tom, but on Jordan Baker, whom she took to be his wife.† (Fitzgerald 99) In this example Myrtle is jealous of Jordan Baker who she believes is Tom’s wife. Myrtle was having an affair with Tom so this is why she is jealous of Jordan who she believes is his wife. Tom’s wife would be a rival to Myrtle and I also think that Myrtle is resentful in this example. Example ten: Everything went on smoothly till the day before the fair opened; then there occurred one of the little skirmished which it is almost impossible to avoid, when some five-and-twenty women, old and young, with all their private piques and prejudices, try to work together. May Chester was rather jealous of Amy because the latter was a greater favourite than herself; and, just at this time, several trifling circumstances occurred to increase the feeling.† (Alcott 283) In this example May wants to be liked as well as Amy is, and Amy is a rival to May in this passage. I think that May is resentful of Amy and she desires to have the popularity that Amy has. After analyzing both words and looking at several examples of their uses in literary texts I would say that jealous is marked for (+) rival and that envious is unmarked (+/-) rival. Whenever the word envious is used it refers to the person wanting something that is sometimes tangible and sometimes intangible, but it isn’t usually used to refer to another person. Envious is sometimes used to refer to an object or an emotion that the other person wants. With the word jealous it is always used with reference to another person and it is always about wanting something that the other person has, and the person that it is referring to is always a rival of that person. Works Cited â€Å"envious† and â€Å"jealous.† The American Heritage ® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000. www.bartleby.com/61/. April 27, 2008. Alcott, Louis May. Little Women. London: Crown, 1954. Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Random House, 1967. Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. Toronto: Bantan Books, 1995. Crane, Stephen. The Red Badge of Courage and Four Stories. New York: Penguin Books, 1977. Dickens, Charles. David Copperfield. New York: Random House, 1945. Dumas, Alexandre. The Count of Monte Cristo. London: Bantan Books, 1963. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. New York: Penguin, 1994.